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You are here: Home » chroot Command Example and Usages

By Abhishek Ghosh August 17, 2014 9:15 am Updated on October 17, 2014

chroot Command Example and Usages

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chroot means ch is root. ch is Child (child process). chroot was introduced in 1979. Here are examples of chroot Command through examples. The reader should know the basics of UNIX, Linux, Unix Shell or Shell, UNIX Wheel Group etc. topics. chroot stands for “ch is root” as said before and is a function under *nix systems to the root directory. It affects only the current process and its child processes. Chroot itself can refer to the system call related to chroot as well as the utility named chroot.

 

Know The Basics Before Running chroot Command Examples

 

A program that is “rooted” in a directory and has no open file descriptors in the area outside the virtual root directory, can (with correct implementation of the operating system kernel) no longer access files outside this directory. Chroot thus offers an easy way to untrusted, test or otherwise hazardous programs inside a sandbox. It is a simple Jail mechanism, but from quite easily be broken again.

chroot was not designed as a safety feature, but primarily used for setting up virtual environments. The first known use was greater in Network Software Engineering (NSE) on SunOS in 1986, where a departure from the surroundings was fchroot(1) possible and documented.

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In practice, “chrooting” is difficult because programs expect at launch, space for temporary files, configuration files, device files and program libraries to be found at certain fixed locations. To run these programs inside the chroot directory, the directory containing these files needed to be equipped.

Under Linux chroot is not designated as a safety feature. Manual is in the chroot(2) man page documents. Many BSD systems, however, runs a process that needs a chroot environment. FreeBSD provides the concept of jails to foreclose processes from each other. On OS X, you will get manual of chroot by running simple command like GNU Linux – man chroot. There is no /root visible under OS X when used in normal way.

chroot Command Example and Usages

 

chroot Command Examples : When We Use

 

OpenVZ is a virtualization solution that works similar to chroot concept. Since most Unix systems are not completely file system-oriented, potentially dangerous functions such as the control over network and processes can take place through system calls to a chromed program. We use chroot for :

  1. Privilege Separation : A chroot can be used as a precautionary measure against a breach of security by preventing a potential attacker from inflicting damage with a compromised program or to explore the system.
  2. Honeypot : A chroot directory can be equipped so that a real system with network services is simulated.
  3. Testing : The achieved chroot mechanism isolation is also useful for testing purposes. A directory can have its own copy of the operating system as a test environment for softwares whose use would be too risky in a production system.
  4. Repair : To repair a Linux / Unix system.
  5. Installing an operating system : The installation of some Linux distributions is only possible via the command line. Therefore, it is necessary to enter after unzipping the distribution archive into a new partition with chroot the new system environment.

 

chroot Command Examples

 

Method to chroot (from any live session) to #! on disk via SSH for recovery (done when #! is installed on /dev/sda1 but is not accessible via grub on deb based system) :

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sudo su
TARGET=/media/sda1
mkdir -p $TARGET
mount /dev/sda1 $TARGET
mount --bind /dev     $TARGET/dev
mount --bind /dev/pts $TARGET/dev/pts
mount --bind /proc    $TARGET/proc
mount --bind /sys     $TARGET/sys
cp /etc/resolv.conf    $TARGET/etc/
chroot $TARGET /bin/bash
# install grub
grub-install /dev/sda
update-grub
# exits chroot env
control-D
# unmount
umount -l $TARGET/dev/pts
umount -l $TARGET/dev
umount -l $TARGET/proc
umount -l $TARGET/sys
# workarounds
## Reboot into the #! system on disk
 
### Replacing like '/usr/bin/bash' by '/bin/bash'
### cp /etc/resolv.conf into the chroot to make apt-get usable
### source - crunchbang.org

Basic chroot usage example for nginx chroot ( Partial )

Usage syntax :

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chroot [options] /path/to/new/root /path/to/server

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# J is just a name
J=/nginx
mkdir -p $J
mkdir -p $J/etc
mkdir -p $J/dev
mkdir -p $J/var
mkdir -p $J/usr
mkdir -p $J/usr/local/nginx
mkdir -p $J/tmp
chmod 1777 $J/tmp
mkdir -p $J/var/tmp
chmod 1777 $J/var/tmp
mkdir -p $J/lib64
# tested on rackspace
ls -l /dev/{null,random,urandom}
# mknod command usage is shown here for the full operation
/bin/mknod -m 0666 $J/dev/null c 1 3
/bin/mknod -m 0666 $J/dev/random c 1 8
/bin/mknod -m 0444 $J/dev/urandom c 1 9
# copy
/bin/cp -farv /usr/local/nginx/* $J/usr/local/nginx
# install dependencies
ldd /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
# will show huge output
# copy all to J

OS X chroot example

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# see docs for os x 10.9 at
# https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Reference/Manpages/man8/chroot.8.html
# man chroot
hdiutil create -fs HFS+ -size 8g -type SPARSE -volname osx-chroot ${CHROOTDIR}
hdiutil attach -mountpoint ${CHROOTDIR} ${CHROOTDIR}.sparseimage
# attach a DVD image or the real path
hdiutil attach -mountpoint /Volumes/osx-install /path/to/dvd
# Install packages of your choice
# Unmount
hdiutil detach ${CHROOTDIR}
hdiutil detach /Volumes/osx-install

This is all as basic about chroot!

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Abhishek Ghosh

About Abhishek Ghosh

Abhishek Ghosh is a Businessman, Surgeon, Author and Blogger. You can keep touch with him on Twitter - @AbhishekCTRL.

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About This Article

Cite this article as: Abhishek Ghosh, "chroot Command Example and Usages," in The Customize Windows, August 17, 2014, January 31, 2023, https://thecustomizewindows.com/2014/08/chroot-command-example-usages/.

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